Protocol Whitepapers

Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System, Satoshi Nakamoto

ETHEREUM: A SECURE DECENTRALISED GENERALISED TRANSACTION LEDGER
PROOF-OF-CONCEPT VI, Gavin Wood

The Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm, David Schwartz, et al

PPCoin: Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake, Sunny King, Scott Nadal

Economics of Mining and Network Attacks

Majority is not Enough: Bitcoin Mining is Vulnerable, Ittay Eyal, Emin Gun Sirer

BitcoinHurdles: the Public Goods Costs of Securing a Decentralized Seigniorage Network which Incentivizes Alternatives and Centralization, Tim Swanson

Can We Afford Integrity by Proof-of-Work? Scenarios Inspired by the Bitcoin Currency, Jörg Becker, et al.

The Economics of Bitcoin Mining or, Bitcoin in the Presence of Adversaries, Joshua A. Kroll, Ian C. Davey, and Edward W. Felten

Proof-of-Stake
Transactions as Proof-of-Stake, Daniel Larimer

Papers Published by Central Banks

Bitcoin and Beyond: The Possibilities and the Pitfalls of Virtual Currencies, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, David Andolfatto

Virtual Currency Schemes, European Central Bank

Address to BitFin 2014, Gareth Murphy, Central Bank of Ireland

Network Effects
Cryptocurrencies, Network Effects, and Switching Costs, William J. Luther

Tyler vs. Tyler on Cryptocurrency Network Externalities, Eli Dourado

Transaction Fees and Latency
Bitcoin Verification Latency, Ken Griffith and Ian Grigg

Accelerating Bitcoin’s Transaction Processing: Fast Money Grows on Trees, Not Chains, Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar

On Transaction Fees, And The Fallacy of Market-Based Solutions, Vitalik Buterin

The low-transaction-fee argument for Bitcoin is silly, Arvind Narayanan

Anonymity and Network Analysis
An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System, Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan

Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph, Dorit Ron and Adi Shamir

Rational Zero: Economic Security for Zerocoin with Everlasting Anonymity
Christina Garman, Matthew Green, Ian Miers, and Aviel D. Rubin

Bitcoin Virtual Currency: unique features unique features present distinct challenges for deterring elicit activity, FBI Directorate of Intelligence

Stabilisation and Crypto Money Supply

Hayek Money: The Cryptocurrency Price Stability Solution, Ferdinando M. Ametrano

Monetary Theory
Stabilizing The Dollar, Irving Fisher

Synthetic Commodity Money, George Selgin